Moreover, PVA-CS holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach in the development of innovative TERM therapies. This review, accordingly, details the potential functions and roles of PVA-CS in the context of TERM applications.

Pre-metabolic syndrome (pre-MetS) serves as the ideal transitional stage for initiating treatments designed to mitigate the cardiometabolic risk factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Our investigation explored the impact of the marine microalga Tisochrysis lutea F&M-M36 (T.) on various factors. Investigating the cardiometabolic constituents of pre-Metabolic Syndrome (pre-MetS) and its underlying processes. Over three months, rats were assigned to receive either a 5% fat diet or a 20% fat diet. The diets could optionally contain 5% T. lutea or 100 mg/kg fenofibrate. As observed with fenofibrate, treatment with *T. lutea* resulted in lower blood triglycerides (p < 0.001) and glucose levels (p < 0.001), along with higher fecal lipid excretion (p < 0.005) and adiponectin (p < 0.0001), without any impact on weight gain. Fenofibrate's effects differed significantly from those of *T. lutea*, which did not lead to elevated liver weight or steatosis, but rather displayed a reduction in renal fat content (p < 0.005), a decrease in diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.005), and a decrease in mean arterial pressure (p < 0.005). In visceral adipose tissue (VAT), treatment with T. lutea, in contrast to fenofibrate, resulted in increased expression of the 3-adrenergic receptor (3ADR) (p<0.005) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) (p<0.0001). Both treatments, however, caused an increase in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) protein expression (p<0.0001) and a reduction in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1 gene expression (p<0.005). Whole-gene expression profiles of VAT, analyzed via pathway analysis, revealed T. lutea's upregulation of energy metabolism genes and downregulation of inflammatory and autophagy pathways. The multiple targets of *T. lutea* suggest its potential to contribute to the reduction of Metabolic Syndrome's risk factors.

While fucoidan exhibits a range of biological activities, each preparation possesses distinct features requiring verification of particular effects, like immunomodulation. Pharmaceutical-grade fucoidan, FE, extracted from *Fucus vesiculosus*, was characterized in this study, and its anti-inflammatory potential was explored. In the investigated FE, the most abundant monosaccharide was fucose, present at 90 mol%, while uronic acids, galactose, and xylose exhibited concentrations in a similar range (38-24 mol%). With respect to FE, its molecular weight was 70 kDa, and its sulfate content was around 10%. In mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), FE induced a 28-fold increase in CD206 expression and a 22-fold elevation in IL-10 expression, respectively, when compared to untreated controls. The findings were consistent in a simulated pro-inflammatory state; iNOS expression, elevated by a factor of 60, was almost entirely restored to baseline levels by the addition of FE. In a mouse model, FE successfully countered the inflammation caused by LPS, resulting in a significant decrease in macrophage activation from 41% of CD11c-positive cells to 9% after the administration of fucoidan. The anti-inflammatory potential of FE, as demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, has been definitively established.

To determine their impact on phenolic metabolic processes, alginates from two Moroccan brown seaweeds and their derivatives were studied in the context of tomato seedling roots and leaves. Through the extraction of sodium alginates, ALSM from Sargassum muticum and ALCM from Cystoseira myriophylloides, the respective brown seaweeds were processed. The radical hydrolysis process transformed the native alginates into low-molecular-weight alginates, including OASM and OACM. see more Tomato seedlings, 45 days old, underwent foliar spraying with 20 mL of aqueous solutions (1 g/L) for elicitation purposes. Root and leaf responses to elicitors were determined by analyzing changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, polyphenol content, and lignin content at 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours following treatment. In terms of molecular weight (Mw), ALSM fractions reached 202 kDa, while ALCM fractions measured 76 kDa, OACM fractions 19 kDa, and OASM fractions 3 kDa. FTIR analysis revealed that the structures of OACM and OASM were immutable after the native alginates' oxidative degradation. Bioactive material Tomato seedling natural defenses exhibited differential responses to these molecules, highlighted by increased PAL activity and accumulating polyphenols and lignin in their leaves and roots. The induction of the key enzyme of phenolic metabolism, PAL, was more pronounced in the case of oxidative alginates (OASM and OACM) than in alginate polymers (ALSM and ALCM). These results support the possibility that low-molecular-weight alginates can be effective in promoting the natural defenses within plants.

Across the globe, cancer ranks among the most prevalent diseases and is a major cause of death. The host's immune system and the particular drug types are pivotal factors in deciding upon the treatment for cancer. The limitations of conventional cancer treatments, characterized by drug resistance, poorly targeted drug delivery, and chemotherapy-induced adverse effects, have highlighted the importance of bioactive phytochemicals. Consequently, an increased number of research projects have appeared in recent years, focusing on the detection and isolation of natural compounds that show efficacy against cancer. Research concerning the isolation and application of polysaccharides originating from diverse marine algal species has revealed a multitude of biological activities, prominently including antioxidant and anticancer properties. Ulvan, a polysaccharide extracted from Ulva species green seaweeds of the Ulvaceae family, plays an important role. The potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects are a consequence of the modulation of antioxidants. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms that underlie Ulvan's biotherapeutic activities in cancer, alongside its immunomodulatory effects, is of utmost significance. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of ulvan, examining its apoptotic properties alongside its immunomodulatory impact. Moreover, our review encompassed pharmacokinetic studies of the item. dilation pathologic Considered a promising cancer therapeutic, ulvan may also be instrumental in augmenting immunity. Subsequently, once its mechanisms of action are grasped, its potential as an anticancer drug may emerge. Given its high nutritional and culinary value, this substance could potentially serve as a dietary supplement for cancer patients in the coming years. This review examines ulvan's novel potential in cancer prevention, offering novel approaches to improve human health and providing fresh perspectives.

Contributions from ocean-based compounds are enriching the biomedical research field. Marine red algae-derived polysaccharide agarose exhibits a crucial role in biomedical applications, owing to its reversible temperature-sensitive gelling nature, superior mechanical properties, and substantial biological activity. Natural agarose hydrogel's consistent structure prevents it from adjusting to the complexities of biological environments. Accordingly, agarose's exceptional performance in a range of environments hinges on the malleability provided by its physical, biological, and chemical modifications, ensuring optimal results. While the applications of agarose biomaterials are expanding into isolation, purification, drug delivery, and tissue engineering, they still lag behind clinical approval standards. This review categorizes and discusses the preparation, modification, and biomedical applications of agarose, particularly focusing on its use in isolation and purification, wound healing treatments, targeted drug delivery, tissue regeneration strategies, and three-dimensional bioprinting. Besides, it undertakes the task of investigating the opportunities and obstacles related to the future development of agarose-based biomaterials within the biomedical sector. For the purpose of rationally selecting the most suitable functionalized agarose hydrogels for specific biomedical industry uses, this information should be of assistance.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are gastrointestinal (GI) disorders characterized by prominent abdominal pain, discomfort, and diarrhea as their primary symptoms. The immune system significantly impacts the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as clinical studies indicate that both innate and adaptive immune responses have the potential to induce intestinal inflammation, especially in ulcerative colitis patients. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by an inappropriate immune response in the mucosal lining to typical intestinal substances, which results in a disproportionate amount of pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules at the local site. The marine green alga Ulva pertusa, renowned for its impactful biological properties, could be a valuable source of therapeutic benefits in treating diverse human pathologies. We have already observed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic actions of an Ulva pertusa extract in a murine colitis model. We meticulously investigated the immunomodulatory and pain-relieving attributes of Ulva pertusa in this research. Colitis was established employing the DNBS model (4 mg dissolved in 100 L of 50% ethanol), and simultaneously, Ulva pertusa was orally administered at 50 and 100 mg/kg daily. Ulva pertusa treatments have shown a capacity to alleviate abdominal pain, while simultaneously influencing the balance of innate and adaptive immune-inflammatory reactions. Specifically linking this powerful immunomodulatory action is the modulation of the TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasome system. To conclude, our collected data points to Ulva pertusa as a potentially effective remedy for immune dysregulation and abdominal discomfort experienced in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease.

We investigated the consequences of Sargassum natans algae extract treatment on the morphology of synthesized ZnO nanostructures, with a focus on their potential for biological and environmental applications.